-This sets the stage for a discussion or exploration of the factors contributing to South Korea’s cultural dominance and the potential implications or insights for other countries seeking to amplify their cultural reach
First Paragraph:
Highlight South Korea’s significant and disproportionate influence in various global cultural markets, including pop music, beauty, film, and fashion
-By stating that South Korea is “punching way above its weight,” it suggests that the country’s cultural output and influence are much larger and more impactful than would be expected based on its size or economic power alone
Second Paragraph
Emphasizes the undiminished global enthusiasm for South Korean culture, despite the temporary absence of BTS due to mandatory military service
-It highlights K-pop’s consistent success in major music markets like the US and UK, along with significant achievements in other entertainment sectors
-Specifically, it notes “Squid Game” becoming Netflix’s most-watched show ever, “Parasite” winning the Best Picture Oscar as the first non-English language film to do so, and the K-pop girl group Twice reaching No. 1 on the US album chart
-These examples serve to illustrate the continuing and expansive influence of South Korean content across the globe, underscoring that the demand for and impact of Korean cultural exports remain strong and show no signs of decreasing
Third Paragraph
Increasing interest and investment by Western entertainment companies in South Korean content, referring to it as a “gold rush”
-Netflix has committed to investing $2.5 billion in South Korean projects, including a second season of “Squid Game,” over the next four years. Additionally, Disney and Apple TV+ are expanding their portfolios by commissioning more South Korean shows
-A Disney executive highlighted the long-standing popularity of Korean content in Asia and remarked on its newfound global appeal as a significant development, indicating that the international entertainment industry is keenly focused on tapping into the appeal and success of South Korean cultural exports
Fourth Paragraph
Highlights the BBC’s engagement with the trend of South Korean cultural influence
-In February, CBBC and BBC iPlayer introduced “Gangnam Project,” a coming-of-age drama-comedy series that explores the journey of becoming a K-pop superstar
-Sarah Muller, the BBC’s head of commissioning and acquisitions for the 7-12 age group, remarked on the significance of South Korea in the global creative landscape, calling it the “modern centre of the creative world.” This underscores the widespread recognition of South Korea’s cultural impact and its expanding influence into diverse media platforms and audiences around the world
Fifth Paragraph
Reflects on South Korea’s remarkable transformation over the past few decades
-It notes that the country was primarily recognized for its automotive and consumer electronics industries, and for its proximity to a ruthless dictatorship (North Korea), especially around the time of the 1988 Seoul Olympics and the turn of the century. This period also marked South Korea’s emergence from nearly 30 years of military rule
-However, the narrative has significantly changed with the rise of Hallyu (the Korean Wave), which has propelled South Korea to the status of a cultural superpower. This shift underscores the dramatic evolution of South Korea’s global image and influence, from an industrial powerhouse to a leading exporter of culture
Sixth Paragraph
The impact of the Korean Wave(Hallyu) on South Korea’s national identity and self-perception
-Inkyu Kang, a professor of digital journalism at Penn State University, states that Hallyu has become a source of pride and confidence for South Koreans
-He also notes that the rise of this cultural phenomenon has paralleled the country’s significant economic growth since the end of the Korean War in 1953. This suggests that the Korean Wave is not only a cultural export but also a reflection of South Korea’s broader development and success on the global stage
Seventh Paragraph
Addresses the perception of South Korea’s cultural expansion as being significantly influenced by government initiatives
-It highlights the role of the South Korean government in transforming the country’s cultural identity into an exportable commodity, a strategy that began during Kim Dae-jung’s presidency in the late 1990s and early 2000s
-This approach to cultural promotion and export has been a consistent policy pursued by subsequent South Korean administrations, regardless of their political orientation, whether on the right or left. This suggests a sustained, bipartisan effort to leverage culture as a means of enhancing South Korea’s global influence and economic growth
Eighth Paragraph
An alternative view of the driving forces behind the Korean Wave, suggesting it as a successful collaboration between the public and private sectors
-A spokesperson from the Hallyu content cooperation division at South Korea’s Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism explains that while the private sector’s initiatives have been crucial to the global success of Hallyu, the government has also played a supportive role
-This indirect support has been provided through creating a conducive environment that allows the private sector to maximize its creative potential. The spokesperson also notes a shift in consumer attitudes, indicating that the appeal of Korean content has transcended its national origin, with audiences now valuing the quality and competitiveness of the content itself over its nationality
Ninth Paragraph
The structured support system established by the South Korean government to foster the country’s cultural and creative industries
-It describes the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism as overseeing various organizations that develop promotional and creative policies, with significant financial backing from the government, amounting to trillions of won. These organizations include the Korea Creative Content Agency, the Korea Foundation for International Cultural Exchange, and the Korea Film Council
-Efforts to cultivate a new generation of creative talent through financial incentives such as loans and tax breaks, as well as investments in key educational and cultural institutions like the Korean Academy of Film Arts, Korea National University of Arts, and the Busan International Film Festival
-This comprehensive approach aims to stimulate private enterprise and innovation within the cultural sector, contributing to the global success of South Korean content
Tenth Paragraph
The broadening scope of the Korean Wave (Hallyu), noting that it now includes a wide range of cultural and creative sectors beyond its traditional strongholds of pop music, TV, and film
-These newer areas of influence include beauty, fashion, cuisine, and literature, illustrating the diversification and expansion of South Korea’s cultural exports. This expansion into various fields indicates the dynamic nature of the Korean Wave and its ability to adapt and appeal to global interests across different aspects of culture and lifestyle
Eleventh Paragraph
The international popularity of the K-beauty (Korean beauty) market, particularly in Seoul’s Myeongdong neighborhood, where tourists purchase cosmetics in bulk from stores like the Face Shop and Skin Food
-Cites a report by Straits Research predicting the global K-beauty market will be valued at $18.32 billion by 2030
-The report attributes the success of Korean beauty products to their use of natural, distinctive, and gentle ingredients, traditions passed down through generations, resulting in products with milder compositions. This emphasis on quality and tradition underlines the global appeal and growing market value of K-beauty products
Twelfth paragraph
Rapid rise in popularity of Korean cuisine internationally, noting several specific examples that highlight its widespread appeal
-Korean-style corn dogs, known for their crispy coating and gooey center, have become a sought-after street food in the US. In the UK, supermarkets commonly stock kimchi, a spicy pickled cabbage known for its health benefits, particularly for gut health. Additionally, chefs around the world are using gochujang, a fermented chili paste, to add flavor to their dishes. Also mentions the growing international interest in soju, a distilled spirit made from fermented grains, which has long been a favorite drink in South Korea
-These examples illustrate the diverse aspects of Korean cuisine gaining recognition and popularity globally
Thirteenth paragraph
The economic benefits of South Korea’s cultural influence on a global scale, noting its position as Asia’s fifth-largest economy
-States that exports of South Korean cultural content reached $12.4 billion in 2021, surpassing revenues from major industries like home electronics and electric vehicles
-References a 2019 study by the Hyundai Research Institute, which estimated BTS’s annual contribution to the South Korean economy at about $3.67 billion, through exports, consumption, and inbound tourism. The success of BTS’s single “Dynamite,” which hit No. 1 in the US in 2020, is credited with creating nearly 8,000 jobs, highlighting the significant economic impact of popular cultural exports
-Demonstrates the substantial role that cultural content plays in South Korea’s economy, contributing to its growth and international stature
Fourteenth paragraph
The diverse ecosystem within the South Korean cultural content industry, consisting of many small, independent startups across various sectors such as publishing, music, video games, broadcasting, films, and animation
-These smaller entities not only exist alongside but also collaborate with the chaebol, which are large, family-run conglomerates with deep-rooted connections to senior politicians—Lotte and Orix are cited as examples of such conglomerates
-Additionally, the significant support these small and medium-sized enterprises receive from the government, with a reported 790 billion Korean won (approximately $593 million) allocated last year to enhance the export of Korean cultural content
This investment, as reported by Yonhap news agency, underscores the government’s commitment to promoting the global spread of Korean culture and supporting the growth of firms within this industry
punching above its weight:
Korean is even more popular recently
Justin McCurry
Writes a lot of Japan and Korea
First Paragraph:
Different aspects of Korea
Not really lots of people knew about Korea in the US
Experience: You going to North Korea or South Korea
Second Paragraph:
BTS doing military service
Entertainment, not military service essential in some countries
Even outside Korean Netflix, there are lots of Korean contents that are famous
Third Paragraph:
Focus on why the reporter reported on a specific person evaluate effectiveness of the article
Gold Rush?
Productions investing more on Korean content
Ex: 2.5bn Dollars Netflix investing a lot of money
US biggest exports are entertainment
Other American companies(Disney, Apple TV) invested as well
Research in the report, Hollywood Reporter (Big Entertainment News)
15 to 20 years ago, nobody new Korean content, but now it became a global content
Fourth Paragraph:
dramedy: drama + comedy
First person Interview
Sarah Muller, in charge of commission of programs
“South Korea is the modern centre of the creative world.”
Fifth Paragraph:
How it is organized
Now we get a history, and perspective
Before 2001, Korean cars weren’t really popular about cars, but Samsung and LG electronics was popular
North Korea was considered a problem
Sixth Paragraph:
Second Interview
Inkyu Kang, a professor of digital journalism at Penn State University
Korean professor at the US
Why interview? Because he is a professional
Popularity of korean content hand in hand with economic growth
Example: Caos, people rough, gritty and not clean became more modernized
Not until the 1980s, economic growth taken off
Professor studies this
Sixth Paragraph:
Some people say it is led by the government
HOw is it commodified?
Sell Albums, concerts, and world tours
How many tourists promotes Korea beyond of the entertainment industry itself
Induce people to study and visit
Lots of more international people from other countries, break more diversity in Korea
It is a money maker
Seventh Paragraph:
Third Interview:
A spokesperson for the Hallyu content cooperation division at South Korea’s ministry of culture
Someone works for the government
Partnership with
Government not creating the artistic contents itself
But government is funding
Eight Paragraph:
Umbrella Organism
Background of Cultre and Tourism
Covers a lot of areas of culture and Sports
All covered by this:
the Korea Creative Content Agency, the Korea Foundation for International Cultural Exchange and the Korea Film Council
How are they supporting them ?
loans, tax breaks and investment
tax breaks: Investing money, don’t have to pay for taxes in the area
Direct investment: Give money, not even the loans
Ninth Paragraph:
Covers diverse sectors
Tenth Paragraph:
Takes us on the ground: Myeongdong
Example: Olive Young, tourists buying lots of stuff
Eleventh Paragraph:
Beauty industry expected to grow substantially
Why are the beauty products so popular?
Answers by quoting the reporter
Don’t have chemicals, have mild compositions
Example: Professor gives out facial products for family
Eleventh Paragraph:
Corn Dogs, originated in
Elevated by putting in cheese and stuff
Catching on~
Kimchi
Had to travel to major city or asian market to buy them, but now it’s all over the place
Twelveth Paragraph:
Generated from cultural contents > Electronic applicants & Electronic Vehicles
Cites fact study, research going into this
BTS alone effected: $3.67bn to the South Korean economy(Huge amount of crowd)
Thirteenth Paragraph:
Small, Independent startups are usually content providers
Personal Opinion: Make sure family members work continuously. Board members should stand up
Small and medim sized firms (sm means are not used outside Korea) are also benefited
Example of Small and medim sized firms:
Most of the money going to the big players, considering the amount of money
political connections, strong infrastructure government more confident
Fourteenth Paragraph:
Fourth Interview
UC Berkley, wrote a book about K-POP
Yeah but more organic progress, producers are the one government getting on the bandwagon
If something catches on, it just means you are getting aware of it
Government knows more money will be acquired
Cynical: It is not really not them, government is hitching their way in
Fourteenth Paragraph:
Doesn’t matter liberal or conservative, they are trying to advantage of this
If government interferes, creativity is not valued, especially in bureacracy
Fund it and let them do their work
Fifteenth Paragraph:
Shift in the article
Not everyone happy
Not like what people are saying, government withhold money
How punish?
No funding & Pressure the companies not to hire the artists
Old boy: First international hit from Korean film
Sexual Explotation
Girl groups getting younger, Putting them in their system
Scandals: Having sex with women without their consent
Regardless, K-pop is still famous
Global division of Labor: Now Italian designers, choreographers are Americans
Michael Jackson influenced, Lady Gaga… where K-pop received influence
Professor Lie:
Art influences art
Sixteenth Paragraph:
Multilingual Singers: Speaking diverse languages
Girl group based in LA…
Seventeenth Paragraph:
More people want to learn Korea
Professor’s Experience: Indiana Univ, Korean wasn’t that popular back then
Sejong Institute:
Increased number of institutes
Some people study as a major and even as a hobby
Eighteenth Paragraph:
Think the next big thing will be literature
Little summation of the end
In the past, Korea was poor, dictatorship(wasn’t that long ago), pace of development was very fast, more than any other country
punching way above its weight:
A person, organization, or country that achieves or impacts far beyond what their size, resources, or traditional influence might predict
It originates from boxing, where a fighter who competes successfully against much larger or heavier opponents is said to “punch above their weight.
leisurely:
An experience that is unhurried and relaxed
Implies taking your time to enjoy the moment without feeling rushed or pressured to move quickly from one activity to another
Engage in cultural activities at a comfortable pace, allowing for a deeper appreciation and understanding of the experiences
immersion:
Deep involvement or engagement
Cultural immersion involves more than just observing; it means participating in the practices, traditions, and daily life activities of a culture to gain a profound understanding and appreciation of it
This might include activities like attending local events, eating traditional foods, interacting with local people, and possibly learning some of the language
ablution:
The act of washing oneself
In many religious and cultural practices, ablutions are performed as a ritual purification
In the context of skincare, it refers to the act of cleansing the face or body to prepare the skin for further treatments or products
Completing your ablutions means you’ve finished the initial cleansing process of your skincare routine
infused:
To steep it in a liquid so that the liquid absorbs the flavor or the qualities of the substance being infused
In the context of a moisturising face mask, “infused” indicates that the product has been enriched with the qualities or benefits of another substance, in this case, snail secretion
This implies that the face mask contains snail secretion as a key ingredient, and its beneficial properties are expected to enhance the effectiveness of the mask
secretion:
Substance produced and released by cells or glands
In the context of skincare, snail secretion refers to the mucin produced by snails, which is valued for its beneficial properties for skin health
Snail mucin is known for its hydrating, regenerating, and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products for moisturizing and improving skin texture and appearance
audio backdrop:
Background music or sound that plays while engaging in another activity—in this case, applying a skincare product
binge-watch:
The act of watching multiple episodes of a television series or a substantial amount of content in one continuous session without significant breaks. It implies dedicating several hours to consuming a series, often leading to completing an entire season or even the whole series in one go
setting foot inside:
An idiomatic expression that means physically entering a place or location
origin:
The place where something begins or comes from, particularly the native country or homeland of something or someone
all-conquering:
Describe someone or something that is overwhelmingly successful or dominant in their field or area of competition
When referring to the boyband BTS as “all-conquering,” it highlights their extraordinary global success, influence, and dominance in the music industry, particularly within the K-pop genre
dampen:
To lessen, decrease, or diminish the intensity, enthusiasm, or strength of something
Even the significant event of BTS members being called up for military service—a mandatory requirement for South Korean men—does not reduce or weaken the worldwide enthusiasm and demand for South Korean culture, including music, movies, fashion, and beauty products
juggernaut:
A large, powerful force or institution that is overwhelmingly advancing and seems unstoppable
Used to describe the significant and continued success and influence of South Korean content
led by:
Something is being directed or spearheaded by a particular initiative, project, or individual
“led by a second season of Squid Game” means that the investment in South Korean projects by Netflix is prominently highlighted or initiated by the production and release of the second season of “Squid Game,” suggesting that this particular project is a key part of their investment strategy or focus in South Korea
Gold rush:
Historically, a “gold rush” refers to a period of feverish migration of workers to an area that has had a dramatic discovery of gold deposits
By extension, in a metaphorical sense, it describes any rapid influx of people or companies to an area or sector seen as offering high returns, significant opportunities, or untapped potential
executive:
A person with a high-ranking position within an organization, typically involved in decision-making and strategic planning
In the realm of a company like Disney, an executive might be responsible for overseeing various aspects of the company’s operations, including content production, marketing, financial strategies, and more
commissioning:
The process by which television networks, streaming platforms, or other content distributors order or fund the production of new content, such as TV shows, movies, or series
When Disney and Apple TV+ are said to be “commissioning more South Korean shows,” it means they are investing in the creation and production of new entertainment content originating from South Korea
getting in on the act:
To become involved in an activity that others are already participating in, especially when that activity is popular or successful
It implies joining others in doing something that is seen as advantageous or trendy
In this context, “Even the BBC is getting in on the act” suggests that the BBC is also starting to engage with the trend or market of South Korean content, which other content producers and distributors have already been exploring and benefiting from
coming of age:
A “coming-of-age” story is a genre that focuses on the growth, development, and maturation of a young person, usually from adolescence into adulthood
These stories often explore themes of identity, belonging, change, and the challenges of growing up
dramedy:
A genre of film or television that combines elements of drama and comedy
It balances serious, often emotional content with humor, aiming to provide a more nuanced and relatable depiction of life’s complexities than might be found in purely dramatic or comedic works
acquisitions:
The process by which a broadcaster, network, or streaming platform purchases or obtains the rights to broadcast or distribute content that was not originally produced by them
In other words, purchasing the rights to distribute existing content that was produced independently or by another party. When a company acquires a show or movie, it negotiates the rights to broadcast, stream, or distribute that content within specified regions or platforms
This can include television shows, movies, documentaries, and other forms of media content. Acquisitions are a way for these entities to enhance their content library with diverse offerings that appeal to different segments of their audience
emergence from
The process of coming out of or moving away from a particular state or condition
Specifically, it is describing South Korea’s transition from a period of military rule to a different form of governance or societal state
at the turn of
The transition from one period to another, especially when referring to decades, centuries, or specific time periods
It marks the end of one period and the beginning of the next
The phrase “at the turn of the century” typically refers to the period around the end of one century and the beginning of the next
In most modern contexts, unless specified otherwise, it often refers to the transition from the 20th century to the 21st century, meaning around the year 2000
consumer electronics
Electronic devices designed for everyday use by individuals
These include products such as televisions, radios, smartphones, computers, and household appliances that are intended for personal or home use
ruthless
Someone or something that shows no mercy or compassion, and is often used to characterize actions that are harsh, severe, and without pity
When applied to a “ruthless dictatorship,” it emphasizes the extreme and often cruel measures employed by the regime to maintain power and control. A ruthless dictator would not hesitate to use force, intimidation, and suppression of dissent to achieve their objectives, disregarding the wellbeing, rights, and lives of the people governed
surging:
Describes something that is increasing or rising rapidly
In this context, it refers to the rapid growth and widespread popularity of Hallyu (the Korean Wave), which is the global phenomenon of South Korean culture, including its music, movies, TV dramas, beauty products, and more. “Surging currents” metaphorically suggests the powerful and fast-paced expansion of this cultural influence across the world
cemented:
To make it firm or more solid, often in a figurative sense
When saying Hallyu has “cemented its credentials,” it implies that the Korean Wave has firmly established its reputation and legitimacy as a significant cultural force
This term suggests a solidification or confirmation of its status over time, making its impact undeniable
credentials:
The qualities, achievements, or experiences that make something or someone accepted or respected in a particular role or situation
Here, it means the various aspects and successes of Hallyu that validate South Korea’s role and influence as a major cultural exporter. The “credentials” of Hallyu would include its global fanbase, international success of its music and films, and the adoption of Korean cultural practices around the world
superpower:
Traditionally used in political and military contexts to describe a country with dominant power and influence
“superpower” here is applied to the realm of culture
Describing South Korea as a “cultural superpower” signifies its extraordinary influence and leadership in shaping global cultural trends and preferences through Hallyu. It highlights South Korea’s significant role in exporting its culture far beyond its borders, impacting international entertainment, fashion, beauty, and more
in step with
The phenomenon mentioned has been occurring simultaneously or has progressed at the same rate as the country’s economic growth
Essentially, it’s saying that there’s a correlation or synchronization between the country’s economic growth and the development of this phenomenon
stalemate
A situation where neither side can take action or make progress
A deadlock where no party can win or gain an advantage
framed
How an idea, event, or phenomenon is presented, perceived, or interpreted
To frame something in a particular way means to construct or shape the discussion or understanding of it within a specific perspective or set of assumptions
instrumental:
Acting as a crucial means, agent, or tool to achieve something
In this context, it implies that the Korean state (government) has played a key role or has been a significant factor in transforming cultural identity into something that can be exported
commodity:
A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type
In this context, a product that can be marketed and sold internationally
successive:
Following one after the other in sequence
Here, it indicates that the efforts to turn cultural identity into an exportable commodity have been a continuous effort, maintained and continued by one government administration after another, regardless of their political orientation
administrations:
The governments or executive branches in power at different times
In the context provided, it refers to the various government regimes or leaderships of South Korea, highlighting that this effort to export cultural identity has been a consistent policy across different government leaderships, regardless of their political ideologies
fruitful
Something that produces good results, beneficial outcomes, or is productive
It suggests that the collaboration or effort mentioned has been successful and has yielded positive results or benefits
public-private
A partnership or collaboration between government entities (public sector) and businesses or non-governmental organizations (private sector)
indirectly
Not straightforward or direct, but instead provided through secondary means or by creating favorable conditions for something to happen
unleash
Release or set free from constraints, allowing for the full expression, development, or manifestation of something
“unleash its creativity,” it implies that the government is establishing conditions or policies that remove barriers and provide opportunities for artists, creators, and entertainment companies to fully express their creative potential
competitiveness
The ability of the content (such as movies, TV shows, music, etc.) to stand out, attract attention, and be preferred by consumers in a crowded and competitive global market
It emphasizes the quality, appeal, innovation, and uniqueness of the content that makes it compelling and successful among audiences, regardless of where it originates from
umbrella organization
A central or parent entity that oversees, coordinates, and supports a group of smaller organizations, agencies, or bodies that operate within a related field or share a common purpose
promotional:
Efforts and strategies employed to market and increase awareness of South Korean cultural content and creative industries both domestically and internationally
Promotional activities can include advertising campaigns, participation in international film festivals and cultural exhibitions, organizing events, and other initiatives designed to showcase South Korean culture and creative outputs to a global audience
The goal is to enhance the visibility and appeal of South Korean content, thereby boosting its consumption and appreciation worldwide
funding:
Financial support provided by the government, channeled through the ministry and its subordinate agencies, to support the promotional and creative endeavors mentioned
nurtured
To support and encourage their growth and development over a period of time
A new generation of creators being nurtured indicates that they have been given support, resources, education, and opportunities that allow them to develop their skills, talents, and projects
freeing up
Making something available that was previously restricted
In the context of private enterprise, it suggests that regulations, barriers, or limitations that might have previously hindered the operations, expansion, or innovation within the private sector have been reduced or eliminated
loans:
Sums of money that are borrowed and expected to be paid back with interest
In this context, loans are likely provided to creative professionals, startups, or institutions as a form of financial support to kickstart or develop projects, businesses, or educational opportunities
tax breaks
Reductions in the amount of taxes that individuals, companies, or organizations are required to pay
The purpose of offering tax breaks, especially in the context of supporting a new generation of creators and the creative industries, is to provide financial incentives that encourage investment, production, and innovation within the sector
ever-expanding:
Something that is continuously growing or increasing in size, scope, or influence without showing signs of stopping
“ever-expanding” refers to the constant growth and widening appeal of the K-genre, which keeps incorporating new elements and reaching new audiences globally
parameters:
The boundaries, limits, or defining characteristics of something
In discussing the “parameters of the K-genre,” it’s about the scope or range of cultural outputs and influences that are considered part of the Korean Wave
encompass:
Include or cover something comprehensively
Stating that the parameters of the K-genre “now encompass” various cultural sectors, it means that the Korean Wave has grown to include not just its original components but also newer areas like beauty, fashion, cuisine, and literature
perennial:
Plants that live for more than two years, often regrowing every spring
Metaphorically, the term refers to something that is enduring, constant, or continually recurring
In this passage, “the hardy perennials of pop music, TV, and film” are used to describe the foundational and long-standing components of the K-genre that have consistently been popular and central to its global appeal
hordes:
Large groups of people
flock to:
To go to a place in large numbers or to gather at a destination with common purpose or interest
Here, it indicates that these large groups of tourists are drawn to Seoul’s Myeongdong neighborhood specifically to visit the beauty shops there
bulk-buy:
To purchase goods in large quantities at one time, often to take advantage of lower prices or to stock up on products that are not readily available elsewhere
harsh-free:
Gentle and unlikely to cause adverse reactions
The term “harsh-free” implies that the products do not contain ingredients that are rough, irritating, or potentially damaging to the skin
mild:
Gentle, not overly strong or aggressive
When beauty products are described as having “milder compositions,” it means that their formulations are gentle, not overly strong or aggressive, and suitable for sensitive skin
Mild products aim to provide care and improvement to the skin’s condition without the risk of harsh side effects
dizzying:
A rapid, impressive, and somewhat overwhelming rise or expansion
When saying Korean cuisine is on a “dizzying trajectory,” it implies that its popularity and global reach are growing very quickly and to a remarkable extent, catching widespread attention
trajectory:
Path or progression
A dynamic and upward movement, indicating that the appreciation and demand for Korean food, including in places like the United States, are significantly increasing
gooey:
A texture that is soft, sticky, and often appealingly moist
centre:
The middle or inner part
The contrast between the crispy coating and the gooey centre is highlighted as a distinctive and enjoyable feature of these snacks, contributing to their overall appeal
sought-after:
Highly desired or in demand
Describing these Korean-style corn dogs as “sought-after street foods in the US” indicates that they are very popular and widely desired by consumers, making them a trendy choice among food enthusiasts and the general public alike
staple:
Basic or essential
Food item that is a standard part of the diet in a particular culture or community. In this case, kimchi is identified as a staple food in South Korea, meaning it is a common and fundamental component of the Korean diet, regularly consumed and integral to Korean cuisine
gut:
Digestive tract or the gastrointestinal system of the human body
The mention of kimchi’s reputation for “boosting gut health” suggests that it is believed or has been shown to have beneficial effects on the digestive system
zing:
Adding a lively, tangy, or piquant flavor to dishes
The term suggests enhancing the taste with a burst of sharp, often spicy or acidic, flavor that makes the food more exciting or invigorating to the palate
blobs of:
Informal, small portions or dollops of a semi-solid or thick liquid substance
Adding “blobs of gochujang” to dishes means incorporating it in small, casual amounts, not precisely measured but sufficient to infuse the dish with its distinctive flavor and spice
distilled:
A process used in making various types of alcoholic beverages, where a liquid is heated to create vapor and then cooled to condense it back into liquid form
This process purifies the liquid and increases its alcohol content
Soju being described as “a distilled liquor” means that it undergoes this distillation process. It’s made from fermented grains, which are distilled to produce the clear, strong alcoholic drink known as soju
fermented:
fermentation is a biochemical process where sugars are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by the action of yeast or bacteria
In the context of soju, “fermented grains” refers to the initial step in its production, where grains such as rice, barley, or wheat are fermented. This fermented mixture then undergoes distillation to become soju
tipple:
Colloquial term for an alcoholic drink
reap:
To harvest or gather (something) as a consequence of one’s actions or efforts
In a broader sense, it’s used metaphorically to describe obtaining a result or benefit from the actions one has taken or the investments made. So, when the passage says “this global output has reaped dividends,” it suggests that the international success and influence of South Korea’s cultural and economic activities have produced significant benefits or results
dividends:
Originally a financial term, “dividends” refer to payments made by a corporation to its shareholders out of its profits
Metaphorically, the term is used to describe any benefit, reward, or positive result gained from an investment or effort
In this context, the “dividends” refer to the economic and perhaps socio-cultural benefits that South Korea has gained from its global cultural output and economic activities
dwarfing
Making something else seem small or insignificant by comparison
When it’s stated that the exports of South Korean cultural content reached $12.4 billion in 2021, “dwarfing earnings from home electronic appliances and electric vehicles,” it indicates that the revenue generated from cultural content exports significantly exceeds the earnings from other significant sectors like home electronic appliances and electric vehicles
consumption:
purchase and use of goods and services by households
In the context of the impact of BTS on the South Korean economy, “consumption” likely refers to the spending generated by fans and consumers within South Korea on BTS-related merchandise, music, concerts, and other goods and services directly linked to the band
inbound tourism:
Visitors coming into a country from other countries, typically for leisure, business, or other purposes
Inbound tourism related to BTS would encompass the tourists who travel to South Korea from abroad primarily because of their interest in the band, whether to attend concerts, visit locations associated with BTS, or participate in fan events
conglomerate
A large and diversified corporation that owns and manages a number of different companies or businesses across various industries
These conglomerates are typically characterized by their substantial size, extensive operations, and significant influence within the economy
The term “family-run conglomerates” further specifies that these corporations are controlled and managed by single families, which is a common characteristic in South Korea
hatched in
To describe the conception or origination of an idea, plan, or strategy within a specific setting, such as government offices and boardrooms
The term “hatched” typically refers to the process of an egg cracking open and a young bird emerging, but when used metaphorically, it implies the development of a plan or project in its early, formative stages
Top-down:
An approach or strategy that is initiated and controlled by higher authorities or levels of an organization, and then directed downwards through its hierarchy
In governance or management, it means decisions, policies, and strategies are developed by the upper echelons (e.g., government officials, top executives) and imposed on or followed by the lower levels without significant input from those at the bottom or the general public. Describing the Korean wave as not being a product of “top-down, government-planned enterprise” suggests that its global success and spread were not solely the result of deliberate strategies or directives from the government or high-level decision-makers
Amnesia:
A loss of memory, either total or partial, temporary or permanent
caught on:
Process of becoming popular or widely accepted by a significant number of people
It indicates that something has gained substantial traction and recognition among the public
In this case, “once dramas and pop music caught on” means that Korean dramas (K-dramas) and K-pop music started to become widely popular and appreciated by audiences both domestically and internationally
embassy:
Diplomatic mission located in a foreign country that represents its home country’s government
It’s a center for a nation’s diplomatic activities, including cultural promotion, among other responsibilities
Embassies can play a significant role in international cultural exchange by organizing events, exhibitions, and other initiatives that introduce and promote their country’s culture to the host country
ministry:
A governmental department that is responsible for a specific area of public policy, government function, or service
The “foreign ministry” mentioned here is the government department responsible for handling a country’s international relations, including diplomacy, international agreements, and the promotion of national interests abroad
guiding principle
Fundamental rule or belief that directs or influences the actions and decisions of an individual or group
Specifically, it mentions Kim Dae-jung’s mission in the late 90s and early 00s to transform culture into an industry
cynical
somewhat skeptical or ironic
Although it might seem counterintuitive or negative to praise the government for its lack of intervention, this non-interference has actually been beneficial for the flourishing of South Korea’s cultural industries, particularly Hallyu (the Korean Wave)
cultural flag bearers
Individuals, groups, or institutions that are considered representatives or leading figures of a country’s culture
Revelation: This term refers to the act of making something previously unknown or hidden known to the public. In this context, the revelation
Uncovering or disclosing information that was not previously public knowledge
Specifically, it pertains to the discovery or exposure that, between 2008 and 2017, the conservative administration in South Korea engaged in the practice of blacklisting certain cultural figures due to their political beliefs. This revelation likely came as a shock or surprise to the public, revealing a level of political intervention in the cultural sector that was not widely recognized or acknowledged before
conservative:
In political and social contexts, “conservative” describes individuals, groups, or parties that tend to favor traditional views and values and are generally resistant to change
perceived:
Something that is seen or understood in a certain way by people, but not necessarily based on direct evidence or fact
The use of “perceived” indicates that the cultural figures were not necessarily openly or actively involved in leftwing politics, but were viewed or believed to be so by the conservative administration
leftwing politics:
Political positions or ideologies that emphasize equality, social justice, and the welfare of the general population, often advocating for change in the social, political, or economic order to achieve those goals
Leftwing politics typically supports the idea of redistributing power and resources from a concentrated few to the wider society, and it can be contrasted with rightwing politics, which tends to uphold traditional hierarchies and individual property rights. In this context, the artists, writers, and cultural figures were allegedly blacklisted due to their association with or support for leftwing ideologies, which the conservative administration perceived as contrary to its own values or policies
depriving
To deny or withhold something that is wanted, needed, or deserved from someone
In this specific instance, it highlights how certain individuals—such as the Oscar-winner Bong Joon-ho, Song Kang-ho (the lead actor in “Parasite”), Hwang Dong-hyuk (the creator of “Squid Game”), and director Park Chan-wook (known for films like “Oldboy” and “The Handmaiden”)—were systematically denied support by the actions of the administration
sexual assault
Any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient
It encompasses a range of acts, from rape to unwanted sexual touching and other forms of sexual coercion
exploitation
Taking unfair advantage of someone for one’s own benefit, particularly in situations where there is an imbalance of power
This can include exploitation of an individual’s labor, body, or image without just compensation or consent, often under coercive conditions
rocked
To be greatly shocked or impacted by something, often in a negative way
In this case, the term suggests that the entertainment industry or the broader societal context has been severely impacted by a series of scandals and tragic events, leading to public outcry, concern, or a reevaluation of certain aspects of the industry or culture
high-profile
Being very well known or receiving a lot of attention from the public and the media
It indicates that the individuals or events mentioned are of significant public interest and have likely been widely reported and discussed
epidemic:
Traditionally associated with widespread outbreaks of diseases, here the term is used metaphorically to describe the extensive and pervasive occurrence
The use of “epidemic” emphasizes the scale and severity of this issue in South Korea, indicating it is widespread and of great concern
seized upon:
To take advantage of something eagerly or opportunistically, often to support an argument or viewpoint
In this context, it implies that the discovery or revelation of the molka spycam issue within the K-pop industry was used by observers, critics, or activists as a critical example or proof of deeper societal problems, specifically pointing to misogyny within the entertainment sector
rampant:
Describes something that is spreading unchecked and is widespread
It is used to highlight the prevalence and intensity of a particular issue or condition
In this case, “rampant misogyny” suggests that discriminatory attitudes and behaviors against women are widespread and deeply ingrained within the South Korean entertainment industry, manifesting in practices that demean, exploit, or disrespect women
misogyny:
Refers to the dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against women
It encompasses a range of negative attitudes and behaviors towards women and femininity. The term “rampant misogyny” in this passage points to systemic issues within the entertainment industry, where such attitudes towards women are not only present but are widespread and affecting the industry’s culture and practices
employs:
To make use of or engage the services of individuals or groups
It indicates that the K-pop industry hires or utilizes a wide range of professionals from various countries and areas of expertise to contribute to its productions
division of labor:
Allocation of different tasks or roles to different people or groups, typically based on specialization or expertise, to increase efficiency and productivity
In the K-pop context, the “global division of labor” describes how the production process is segmented and distributed among various international contributors, each bringing their unique skills and cultural perspectives to the creation of K-pop. This includes Swedish composers writing music, Italian costume designers crafting the outfits, and American choreographers devising dance routines
androgynous:
A blend of characteristics that are traditionally associated with both masculinity and femininity, or an appearance that doesn’t conform to the typical gender distinctions in presentation and style
In the context of K-pop boyband members, “androgynous” describes their often deliberately ambiguous appearance, which may involve a mix of fashion choices, hairstyles, and makeup that do not strictly adhere to traditional male gender norms. This aesthetic choice can appeal to a wide audience by challenging and expanding the conventional representations of masculinity
vibe:
A colloquial term that refers to the atmosphere, feeling, or mood that someone or something emanates or evokes
It’s about the overall impression or emotional effect that is perceived by others
In this case, the “androgynous vibes” refer to the general atmosphere or aesthetic impression created by the appearance and presentation of K-pop boyband members, which aligns with the androgynous characteristics mentioned earlier
given off:
To emit, radiate, or project certain qualities, feelings, or impressions to those around
It’s about what observers perceive from the presentation or behavior of someone or something
Here, it indicates that the members of K-pop boybands project or emanate these androgynous vibes through their style, appearance, and perhaps even their performance choices, contributing to the unique appeal and identity of K-pop
a slew of
An informal expression meaning a large number or variety of something
It indicates that there has been a significant increase or influx of K-pop bands who do not have Korean members, highlighting the diversity and international reach of the K-pop industry
sub-branches
Smaller, distinct groups or units that are part of a larger entity
prompted
To cause or inspire an action or decision as a result of a need, demand, or other stimulus
The increase in demand for Korean language classes last year led the government to take specific action in response to this growing interest
anticipate:
To expect or predict that it will happen in the future, based on current trends or evidence
In this case, Kang is expressing an expectation or belief that Korean literature will become significantly more prominent or influential on the global stage in the near future. This expectation is likely based on the patterns of increasing interest in various forms of Korean culture worldwide
prowess
Exceptional skill and talent
The term highlights the country’s ability to create compelling, engaging, and often innovative narratives across various forms of media, such as films, TV series, and webtoons (digital comics)
profound:
Very deep or intense
When talking about the experiences of the Korean people, it suggests that the historical events they have lived through are not only severe but have also had a deep, lasting impact on the nation’s collective consciousness and identity
resilience:
Capacity to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity
Mentioning the resilience of the Korean people highlights their ability to withstand and bounce back from the numerous challenges and hardships they have faced, showing strength, perseverance, and the ability to adapt to and overcome difficult situations
colonialism:
Policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
In Korea’s case, this refers to the period of Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945, during which Korea was subjected to harsh imperial control, suppression of its culture, and exploitation of its people and resources
destitution:
Extreme poverty, where individuals are unable to afford basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing
In the Korean context, it suggests periods in its history when significant portions of the population faced severe economic hardship, especially in the aftermath of the Korean War and during other turbulent times
encapsulated:
To capture or express the essential aspects or qualities of something in a concise or representative form
In this context, it suggests that the depth and richness of Korean literature effectively capture and reflect the intense and profound experiences, resilience, and the range of challenges (colonialism, division, war, destitution, dictatorship) faced by the Korean people throughout the century
gripping:
Something that is so interesting or exciting that it holds one’s attention completely
In this context, it means that the stories Koreans have to share, presumably through their literature and other forms of storytelling, are compelling and fascinating, capable of capturing and maintaining the audience’s interest with their intensity, emotional depth, or suspense
Reference:
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/06/bts-blackpink-squid-game-kimchi-whats-the-secret-of-south-koreas-world-conquering-culture